- 
 
 
 
 
How to Hit a Homerun in Softball 
To most hitting authorities, getting "full extension of the arms" and "how to hit a homerun in softball" appear to be synonymous. Invariably, when a long homerun is hit during a softball game, the commentator will say: "Wow, she really got her arms extended on that one." Linear hitting coaches also teach swing mechanics that rely on the extension of the arms. However, rotational coaches disagree. They believe homerun power comes from mechanics that keep the hands back and allow body rotation to swing the hands.
Batting Drills for Homerun Power  
As pointed out above, batting coaches have varying opinions on the batting drills that generate homerun power. So what batting drills should a batter choose to maximize their chance of hitting a homerun? When in doubt, I suggest relying on the mechanics exhibited in the swings of the games top homerun hitters. With that in mind, Batspeed.com performed a frame-by-frame analysis of softball's top homerun hitters' mechanics.
The video below shows the swings of the homerun hitters we used in the analysis. These great hitters not only hit with power, they also had some of the highest batting averages.
VIDEO 
What is common amongst softball's top homerun hitters:
The forward movement of the body stopped at heel plant and the batter begins rotating around a stationary axis;
 The bend in the batter's lead-elbow remains constant during rotation to contact;
 The back-elbow remained back at their side in an "L" position at contact;
 The hands were rotated into a circular path; and
 The arms did not extend  until after contact (the ball had left the bat).
  
The hitting mechanics outlined above rotate the hands in a circular path and applies torque at the handle. These are the mechanical principles that generate homerun power and bat speed. For more information on why these mechanics are highly productive, read the following link. Softball Hitting Mechanics . The video below explains why the top homerun hitters rotate  rather than extend  the hands.
VIDEO 
The Importance of Torque  in the Softball Swing  
Batspeed.com article, Drills that Increase Bat Speed , defines and explains the importance of torque  in the swing. To apply maximum torque, the bend in the lead-elbow must  remain constant from initiation to contact. To attain maximum acceleration of the bat approaching contact, the bottom-hand should apply a rearward force on the handle as the top-hand applies the forward force. If you maintain the bend in your elbow, the rotation of your lead-shoulder back toward the catcher will provide the rearward pull needed to apply maximum torque.
Below are a couple video clips that show these mechanics better than I described them. Although the videos features MLB hitters, the principles discussed apply to the softball swing as well. -- Note that in the "Bonds/Burrell" clip, their lead-arms are being pulled rearward rather than extending forward.
VIDEO 
VIDEO 
Additional Rotational Hitting Information   
Batspeed.com Discussion Board Archives   
1.  BASEBALL& SOFTBALL HITTING    
 
A.  The Beginning    
B.  Comparison - Baseball and Softball Hitting   
C.  Players/coaches/authorities    
D.  Rotational Hitting Aids/drills/cues   
E.  Linear vs rotational   
F.  Video analysis    
 
2.   BAT SPEED GENERATION    
 
A.  Grip & Wrist   
B.  Launch Position   
C.  Weight-shift/momentum   
D.  Lower-body   
E.  Rotation/Separation   
F.  Axis of Rotation   
 
3.  ROTATIONAL HITTING MECHANICS    
 
A.  Initiation   
B.  Back-arm & Extension   
C.  Lead-arm & Casting   
D.  CHP (Circular-Hand-Path)    
E.  BHT (Bottom-Hand-Torque)  
 F.  PLT & THT (Pre-Launch & Top-Hand-Torque)    
G.  Hitting the Outside Pitch   
H.  Contact/Bat Drag/Follow-through   
I.  Rotational vs Linear Swing Plane   
---------------------
1. BASEBALL & SOFTBALL HITTING  
 
A. The Beginning  
 
Linear vs Rotational cues - Like fitting square pegs in round holes 
 (Video: Mechanics that generate bat speed)    
Purpose of allowing opposing views 
Do we actually teach what we see?  
 The start of my study (Video:  CHP & Torque)    
Style vs. Absolutes in the swing  
 All swings will be governed by the same physics principles (the "Absolutes)
The "Absolutes" to a good swing 
A dads dream come true  
 Hard work and efficient swing mechanics makes up for smaller size
B. Comparison -baseball and softball hitting 
 
Pitching vs hitting mechanics  (Video:  Comparisons)    
Softball swing mechanics same as baseball swing    (Video:  Comparisons)    
 Softball vs baseball hitting  
Linear MLB hitters lose in softball game against rotational Slow Pitch hitters 
Differences in baseball and golf swing  
 Golf grip induce wrist- roll prior to contact
 Difference, golf & baseball  (by Tom Querry)  
C. Players/coaches/authorities  
 
Mankin // Epstein differences  
Body rotation still requires efficient transfer mechanics to generate bat speed 
Epstein torque (lower body) vs Mankin torque (upper body)  
 Torque that induces hip rotation - Torque applied at the handle
Epstein - lead elbow  
Epstein's box - 90 degree elbows vs straighter arm  
Yeager vs Mankin's analysis - Conservation of Momentum  
Robert Adair's linear weight shift vs Mankin's rotation about a stationary axis  
  
 Bat test data and why Robert Adair may have discounted handle torque 
  (Video: Physics and Acoustics of Baseball & Softball Bats)    
Steve Ferroli - Ted Williams & Flattened hands  
Daw - Rubber band analogy 
  (Video)     
 
Yeager's whip theory vs Mankin's rotational model  
Jim Lefebvre's book - Axis, front-hip vs spine   
  (Video: Giambi momentum & lead leg)    
Zig Ziegler's - Segment deceleration vs Load on rotation causes the deceleration   
 
Tom Querry - "Whipping action" vs BHT 
Hudgens' knob first vs Mankin's CHP  
 Lau To Jack - Firm front leg discussion   
Paul Nyman vs Mankin (1)  (Video: Misleading THT)     
Paul Nyman vs Mankin (2)   (Video: Misleading THT simulation)    
Dusty Baker - Throwing the bat-head; Crack-of-the-whip theory   
D. Rotational Hitting Aids/drills/cues 
 
One-handed swings - Physics Lab test findings  
Motion study computer (1) - Findings verify video analysis   
Motion study computer (2)   
Staying inside the ball   
What does staying inside the ball mean?
Motion study computer (3) - Torque & pressure seniors  
The plane & the hose drill 
Bullwhip - how it works  
 There is no "Crack of a whip" with a ridged bat 
Power:   50% CHP & 50% Torque - Clarification  
Tom Waz - KE= 1/2(MVV) - Bringing JJA up to speed on Physics Calculations  
 
E. Linear vs rotational 
 
Linear vs Rotational - Clarification - What constitutes  
Linear = Low load to rotation  
Zig Ziegler's segment deceleration vs load induced
Linear vs Rotational - Pendulum effect vs Whip action  
Problem with Linear Mechanics 
  (Video: "Whip Effect" vs CHP & Torque)    
CHP & Torque vs Whip Model  
Linear vs Rotational mechanics  
 Yeager vs Mankin (Video: pendulum effect v. whip action)     
Linear vs Rotational - Loading (weight on legs) & inward turn  
Linear Mechanics and the minus 11 bats  
 Ted Williams & lighter bats effect on mechanics
Linear & Fastpitch Softball hitting  mechanics - College coaches teach rotational??  
"Swinging too late"  
 Bat speed from linear theories relies on nonexistent whipping action
F. Video analysis 
 
Key points I look for in video analysis  
Requires more than a single view point
Hips or hands first?  
 Think of rotating hips or the bat-head rearward? 
  (Video:  Sosa & Strawberry)    
THT & Bat drag   
 Once shoulder rotation is depleted    
 Bat drag - Without THT, bat rotation does not stay in sync with body rotation 
Front view & Side view  
 Reasons for need of each view
Video Camcorder  
 Recommended camcorders for video analysis with Batspeed's video analysis software - MotionView
2. ENERGY DEVELOPMENT (LOWER-BODY MECHANICS)  
 
A. Grip & Wrist  
 
The Grip - Tight or loose?  
(Video: Bat manufactures test results on the grip)   
  
Wrist droop   
Does one "knuckle alignment" work
 
Grip & elbow to the belly button   
The Grip - Bat in fingers or palm   
    
Bonds' Grip (both wrists flex) - straighter wrist & loose grip    
   
Separate the hands = More torque?  
Wrist snap? Role of the wrist in the swing   
Extension (wrist snap) vs BHT (push/pull of forearms)?   
Premature wrist roll - what causes it  
 
B. Launch position 
 
Hands to launch position   
Hitters have many different styles in how they arrive at launch position
  (Video: Bonds, Griffey, Sosa - Hands to launch)     
Is "elbow up" a flawed position?   
High back elbow - good position for rotational mechanics, but not for linear   
Inward-turn & PLT to THT mechanics   
 (Video: Bonds/A-Rod side by side)   
Lead-arm   
(Video: lead arm of 4 good hitters)     
Hands go back with stride vs. Hiding the hands   
 
Shrugging lead-shoulder   
Lead-shoulder rotates 150+ degrees while torso rotates 90
"Loading defined"   
Inward-turn & pre launch torque   
 (Video: Bonds/A-rod side-by-side of PLT/THT/BHT)    
Inward shoulder turn hides the hands from pitcher   
Griffey Jr. and David Wright illustrate the importance of the inward turn and hiding the hands (Video)    
 
Problems with hands creeping forward or into pitcher's view   
C. Weight-shift/momentum 
 
Pitching vs hitting mechanics - (Video: comparison clips)       
Pitcher's forward momentum after foot plant not productive for swinging a bat
 
Does weight shift = momentum  
Weight shift - Truism or fallacy?   
Weight swift & the "Conservation of Momentum    
 Hip rotation attained from linear weight shift is negligible
Momentum & Gyro Action   
 Weight on back-foot & discussion of p=mv (Video: Bonds & gyro)    
Is linear motion transferred into angular momentum??   
 Theories on forces that drive hip rotation - (Video: Pathfinder demo; CHP vs. extension)    
What drives hip and shoulder rotation   
 Hip rotation   
 Legs/pelvic momentum - Swivel chair analogy
Welded wheel vs. depleting rotational momentum model    
D. Lower-body 
 
3 camps on hip rotation - (Video: Giambi - "Whip effect" disproved)    
 
   
Role of the hips - 1000 hp engine analogy   
Front foot open or closed   
Why Mark McGwire's lead-leg may remain bent at contact on out-side pitch   
Lead-leg extension   
Hip rotation straightens led-leg & George Brett & THT
Body drifting foreword   
  The cure
 
Body tilt - Does not necessarily mean weight on back leg   
   
Batter fully rotates, but bat drags.  Why?   
No THT creates bat drag  
  
Sync body rotation to bat  rotation   
E. Rotation/separation 
 
Questioning shoulder rotation & CHP   
Mechanics that generate bat speed - (Video: Griffey, Bonds & Rose analysis)    
 
 Rotation & un-shrugging shoulders   
Lead-shoulder shrug discussion 
  
Hitting the inside and outside pitch mechanics    
 Lead-shoulder rotates 60+ degrees more than back-shoulder - (Video: Pete Rose)     
Hip rotation must stay connected   
 Hip rotation must contribute to shoulder rotation
Kinetic chain; separation; free wheeling   
 
Muscles fire in unison   
 Is hips leading the hands due to sequential timing?
Load causes separation -- No load = one-piece-swing (no separation)   
    
Role of hips - Does maximum separation equal disconnection?   
    
Separation/unison - Bowling ball analogy   
    
Pulling head out - Premature rotation & no separation   
    
Why not maximum separation - The 3 step swing  (1-2-3)   
Hips lead shoulders, but then all rotate in unison  
 At initiation, all the muscles in the legs and torso are contracting in unison 
F. Axis of Rotation 
 
Axis tilt vs. shoulder rotation - (Video: Bonds' tilt and rotation)     
 add Howard clip  
4 axis of rotation   
		
Spinning and rotation    
  Revolving door vs. swinging gate (blocked lead-side) - (Video: Rose hip/shoulder comparison)    
 
Is there a difference between spinning & rotating?   
  (Video: Giambi's lower-body mechanics)    
 
Weight-shift - Stationary axis vs. back to center   
3. ROTATIONAL HITTING MECHANICS 
 
A. Initiation 
 
Focusing on the whole swing - Not just forward movements   
Envision the bat's rearward trajectory     
Subconscious mind will set up a motor program
Its CHP/THT/BHT - But you can't think your way through the swing   
Sync body rotation to bat-head rotation   
 Think: Rotate heel, rotate bat head   
Obtain your optimum contact position   
 The mind will provide a motor-program to accomplish the body trajectories you envision
Don't "explode" - Think smooth ever accelerating power  
B. Back-arm & Extension  
 
"L" position at contact - Few average hitters attain correct position    
Elbow to the belly button - not remaining in the "slot"    
"L" in back-leg and arm   
What drives back-arm -- (would you rather be hit with boxers hook or jab)
 (Video: Back arm of 4 good hitters)   
C. Lead-arm & Casting 
 
Lead-arm - Should boxed elbow extend hands to contact?  
(Video: Lead arm of 4 good hitters & Pete Rose clip)   
Defining "Casting & Extending   
Role of the lead-arm    
4 prong tire wrench analogy - (Video: Rose, Bonds & Burrell)   
Is casting bad?   
 Linear theme: All straight movement is good, all circular is bad
 
Does barring = casting?   
 If so, does not "casting" = circular hand path
Barred arm & shrugging lead-shoulder   
 Role of the lead-arm
 
"Keep hands inside the ball" = linear cue?   
 The 'cue' and the resulting hand-path
What cause counterproductive casting   
 Extending "barred arm" without shoulder rotation 
D. CHP - (Circular-Hand-Path)  
 
Pulling off the ball    
"Bat drag" = "Pulling off the ball" - (Video: Rose example)    
How to practice developing a CHP   
 PathFinder & Rubber hose drill
 
One-handed drill for generating a CHP   
Hook in hand-path & Tilt-a-whirl analogy   
Why hide your hands?   
E. BHT - (Bottom-Hand-Torque)  
 
"L" in back-leg and arm   
What drives back-arm -- (hit with boxers "hook" or "jab") 
 (Video: back arm of four good hitters)   
Lumberjack analogy - Energy expended at contact   
What powers follow-through
Rotational Hitting Mechanics that generate bat speed   
 Rearward rotation of lead-shoulder
  (Video: Hitters Exhibiting Good & Poor BHT)    
BHT - Applying torque by pulling the bottom-hand back 
  (Video: Bonds & Burrell BHT mechanics)   
Tony Gwynn - Full Extension vs "L" position at contact   
Add BHT to CHP   
Lead-shoulder rotation - torque & CHP - (Video: Griffey analysis)   
Lead-shoulder shrug  
 A form of "scap loading" the lead-shoulder 
Back-arm "L" position - Percentage of torque applied (BHT to THT)   
F. PLT & THT - (Pre-Launch Torque) & (Top-Hand-Torque)  
 
THT applied in 2 Phases   
Hitters like Bonds and Sosa accelerate the bat-head rearward in two phases
  (Videos: Demonstrating THT w/PathFinder & Sosa - PLT to THT)   
Rearward bat-head acceleration  
 Shawn v. Mankin analysis - (Videos: Sosa & overhead clips)    
Bat accelerating from PLT into THT     
 (Videos: PLT to THT mechanics; THT w/PathFinder; Sosa - PLT to THT; 2 Bonds clips)   
THT - same mechanics, different names    
THT-- Key to a great swing   
THT - Thumb of top-hand raking shoulder    
    
THT & BHT - Do great hitters knowingly apply?   
THT - Rotational hitting & Transfer mechanics   
When I first saw THT being applied (George Brett)
 Video: Bonds and Burrell example 
(Video:  Overhead of John Elliot)  
THT & PLT - Sheffield PLT to THT maintains good linkage to rotation   
    
THT - Keeps lead-arm across chest - "A ballistic motion"  
 
THT mechanics    
Shoulder tilt & lowering of the elbow
 (Add Video: Ryan Howard's mechanics)  
THT & Wrist binds    
Mechanics that can cause Wrist binds  
 
THT - Can you see THT being applied    
 
THT & slotting the elbow   
(Video: Bonds pre-launch torque mechanics)    
PLT - Bat vertical or wrapped   
PLT - Bonds mechanics   
PLT - Loading or un-loading?   
PLT - Discussing advantages of applying PLT   
G. HITTING THE Inside AND Outside Pitch 
 
Inside/outside mechanics    
(Video: Lead-shoulder rotates 60+ degrees more than back-shoulder)    
Mark Teixeira - inside/outside mechanics   
(Video: Lead shoulder rotates 150 while back shoulder rotates 90)    
Hitting the outside pitch   
THT & plate coverage     
(Video: Reaching the low outside pitch - John & Rose overhead)    
Pulling off the ball    
Little power to the opposite field are all indicators of "bat-drag"
 (Video: Rose and plate coverage)    
 
Big Mac's front knee   
Why lead-leg remains bent during contact
 
The outside pitch - linear vs rotational mechanics    
 
Outside pitch - BHT mechanics vs PFO  
Ron Gant & Matt Williams - Limitations of BHT on outside pitches   
H. Contact/Bat Drag/Follow-through 
 
"L" in back-leg and arm   
What drives back-arm -- (hit with boxers "hook" or "jab") 
 Insert video - 4 good hitters' back arm
Pulling off the ball not caused by shoulder rotation   
  (Video:  Pete Rose)    
Best hit balls pulled foul  
 Linear mechanics = Bat drag - (Video:  Sosa)    
Hitting mechanics & the Follow through  
  (Video: WCWS hitters contact position)    
Big Mac's top-hand release   
 Conditions that make releasing the top-hand necessary   
  (Video: Animation - McGwire vs Amateur Hitter)    
Lumberjack analogy - Energy expended at contact   
I. Linear vs Rotational Swing Plane 
 
Swing plane like a tilted flat disc   
 
Lead-arm plane & the swing plane   
A-Rod & The Swing Plane     
Discussion of frontal and across the plate view - (Video: comparison clips)    
PLT & the swing plane   
 Wrist-binds & waves in the swing plane
THT & the swing plane  
 Rearward force must be inline from lead-arm
"Swing down vs swing up at the ball"  
  (Video: bat up slope to contact)    
Swing down - But behind not in front   
 
Looping swing - Collapsing back-side   
Causes of plane flaws - Discussion of initiation problems